Effective Natural Remedies for High Blood Pressure Management

I have been getting very good results in lowering my BP with Ayurvedic Herbs, particularly Mukta Vati, a combination of Herbs which I ordered directly from India at a very low price. Last time I took my bp today it was114/75. I am delighted and am so glad I didn't listen to my doctor who suggested I take the drug Lisinopril.

I have never heard that blood pressure "normally" increases. I am 73 and my blood pressure fluctuates between normal 120 and low. As it always did.

I had sciatica and my blood pressure was also elevated. I'm 38 and pretty healthy. I noticed my blood pressure was 125/80 which is pre-hypertension. I read potassium and calcium deficiency could be the cause. I started drinking coconut water daily and one day a week, I drink apple cider vinegar water. I went to the doctor today and my blood pressure was 119/80. My diet of meat and vegetables and carbs was the same. I got the happy belly brand.

I have a friend who at times has very high BP readings, in the 190s. He heard that potassium can lower it. I came over the other day, his BP reading that afternoon was 143. He took a potassium citrate tablet that has just under a gram of potassium in it. It was a fizzy tablet, dissolved in a glass of water. Sipped it over about 20 minutes. Retested himself after an hour an a half, and his BP was 117! Amazing.

Here is a Harvard Health article that shows potassium works.

https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/potassium-lowers-blood-pressure

After awhile, Carditone did not work well for my HBP. I was lucky to find a reference to Mukta Vati online. It is an herbal Ayurvedic formula and very strong. It worked for me within a couple of days with BP about 150/100 going down to 120/80. I have been taking half of a half of the recommended dose for several years.

Ivy's Mukta Vati is the stronger product but Divya Mukta Vati, more or less the same herbs, also works for me in larger doses.

Instead of 1 cup, boil 1 1/2 cups of water. When 1 cup is left drink it warm or cool.

My husband and I went on a 48 hour fast in order to improve our health and drop some weight. He often has blood pressure in the 160/100 range. On the second day of the fast he took his blood pressure and it was 118/89!

HI U BILL, , , , , , , , you really bug me. I am half smart and you totally smart. Thank you for this scientific explanation. I will have to cipher on this for awhile. Just glad that you are on our side and hope the EC folks appreciate your contribution to their health.

You are a hellava lot better man than I, to put up with some of the yack that you do.

Just drank a hot herbal tea with a large shot of magnesium and going to bed. I plan to breathe deeply and see what mischief I can get into in my dreams. Just hope I don't meet up with some New Orleans Voodoo woman .

Yo buddy =======ORH=======

My BP has been systolic 200/273. diastolic 100/120 for around 15 years now. Only in the past two years have I tried their meds, 3 different ones

3 different times. The most I lasted was 5 days, I could not believe the side effects of such small pills!

I do not take any other meds and am 77 years old. We eat organic, exercise. I follow many different natural therapies that you all talk about but nothing seems to change. I do not feel ill, only unwell if it goes as high as 270 so perhaps am fortunate. Whatever, I do know that the pills for this would finish me off real fast as my body obviously rejects what I believed to be OK. Haven't tried the Aloe Vera but will give it a try. Good luck everyone and know that toxic meds are NEVER an answer.

Arginine alone did not lower my blood pressure. The addition of N Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) with the arginine did and my results were better than those achieved in the study that I posted previously.

Art

Thanx for posting Art. This is very good news. I have long been skeptical about the Nitric Oxide boosting method for lowering BP as being merely a band-aid or treating the symptoms (which is fine for short-term). If NAC is showing improvements in this regard it certainly means a Glutathione deficiency and toxin overload. Eating Brazil Nuts or supplementing Selenium and 3mg Melatonin plus the NAC will significantly boost GTH while many disease processes vanish.

Hi Lori,

It should be very soon. As soon as the other tester gives me their results I will post it. In my personal experience it is quicker and superior to Arginine/NAC/Lysine and has a longer lasting effect which I will explain in that post.

Art

Vida,

Yes, I tried a supplement that is working exceptionally well for myself and a couple of friends as well as two people from the EC community to lower our blood pressure into the normal range. We were all able to get off prescription meds. Here is a link to what I wrote about it :

https://www.earthclinic.com/cures/high-blood-pressure-carditone.html

Good luck and please update us when you try it!

Art

Hello Art! Such wonderful work you have been doing on High Blood Pressure over a long time. So many people could benefit from your persistent research. A HUGE number of people around the world suffer from HBP and a BIG chunk of them don't even realize that they have it and are setting themselves up for BIG problems later in life. Their diets and lifestyle could probably do with considerable modification, thus hopefully avoiding the later use of the drugs you mention! The top THREE offending populations in the World are now (in descending order of seriousness): USA, Mexico and New Zealand!! WOW, we are members of a pretty, exclusive club! But, one theory I have heard espoused in "Medical Circles" is that a slight elevation of BP is permissible with each passing, successive decade as one gets older! Some of our doctors see patients with LOW blood pressure and, naturally, that is a concern also! I am just wondering what your thoughts are on this and whether you have written about this at some stage and I have missed it? Wishing you well. Cheers from Down Under

I have high blood pressure ( 162 sometimes 45 it changes all the time) now Doctor wants me to take a chemical product called Coversyl. By reading the side effects I refused taken it. he told me that no alternative medicin can reduce high blood pressure, which I don't believe. I don't drink, nor eat meat, and check the salt intake, no cheese, I would like to know what causes my high blood pressure, one think I know when ever I am in his office, my blood pressure is high, he scolds me by not beeing co-operative, so I decide not to see him any more, it just doesn't work with each other, I am just not taking chemicals. Would appreciate hearing from you guys, because he does scare me each time I see him and that increases my blood pressure even more.

Thank you again, Sigistardust

Sigistardust: In the 21st century civilization is evil wicked masterminds coming across as enlightened knowledgeable wise men. We eat toxins that poison us. Meds make us worse. Thank God His goodies rescue us. Take activated barley, barley grass juice powder, raw cocoa powder, desiccated liver, aged garlic, skate liver oil, cayenne, expeller pressed coconut oil, black chia seeds, yucca liquid, and unrefined sea salt.

Hi Sigistardust, are you drinking enough water? Check Youtube for "Your body's many cries for water" and "water cure" - hope it helps, good luck.

Hi Rj...The cause of your high blood pressure may well be due to hormonal imbalances in your body. Taking progesterone is useful, but this is really only treating the symptoms -- because your body is already lacking in progesterone (due to hormonal imbalance -- the realcause) and so you are not actually addressing the main reason or cause for this problem.

The best way to balance your hormones is to take the full Iodine Protocol together with niacin + B vitamins on a daily basis. Take at least 500 mgs niacin twice a day at meals. You can also take the no-flush niacin -- inositol hexanicotinate which might perhaps be easier for you. Other forms of niacin such as niacinamide do not have such beneficial effects on blood pressure. Take either B50 complex or brewers yeast once a day as well.

There is some research by Dr Flechas from the Iodine Project, who describes his treatment with LI for a 320 lb lady with both thyroid problems and diabetes. After only a short while on iodine, this lady was able to completely come off her diabetes meds. What's more, she lost 70 lbs after several months on the iodine protocol. Iodine makes all hormone gland activity more efficient and also tends to make digestion, transport, assimilation and the excretion of fats more efficient in the body. I lost a tremendous amount of weight after I started taking LI, and it has stayed off.

Other protocols, such as the alkalizing protocols and the borax water protocols shown here on EC and taken on a daily basis will also help you to further balance your hormones and lower your blood pressure.

You should also avoid the combination of fats(especially veg oils), unrefined salt(use sea salt instead) and sugar in your diet.

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Hi Rj,

Yes, I definitely would not take arginine with nac without discussing it with your doctor first.

In that study, the NAC and Arginine were not used with other blood pressure lowering drugs, but rather as a stand alone treatment. What I liked about that study was the good results and especially the benefit of all of the potential "side effects". With regular blood pressure meds, the side effects are usually negative. You'd have to read the link to see what those side benefits are, but they are numerous and good in terms of long term overall health.

What is odd to me is that there were never any followup studies on that relatively small and obscure 2008 study considering how good the results were. I guess there is no money motivation in it. If a drug company came out tomorrow with a blood pressure med that could lower blood pressure and have all of those other positive health benefits, it would be a block buster for sure!

The combination of arginine/nac is what I use to control my pressure and I add in lysine every so often to keep my arginine/lysine ratio balanced.

Good luck!

Art

Go off your BP meds very slowly. Get a pill cutter and take off 1/4 of the pill and stay on that for 3 weeks. Then take another 1/4 off and stay on that for 3 weeks...Repeat the process until completely off...Be very careful especially with Atenolol. It can cause neuropathy...If you go off too fast it will cause ventricular tachycardia which means an operation called "Radio Frequency Catheter Ablation" which takes 4 1/4 hours with NO anesthesia...

There are many easy ways to lower your BP without drugs...Don't be a buyer for your supplier.

And by all means DON'T let them talk you into going on any kind diuretic what-so-ever!

Drink lots of water with sea salt...The water and salt will lower your BP naturally. Drink 6-8 glasses a day with a liberal amount of sea salt on your food. It works. And of course try to walk a bit every day.

You can eat kelp from the sea or iodized salt or lugol's iodine. I order it online but Iodine lowers selenium. Low selenium can cause cancer to grow. Iodine is one of many minerals we need to stay in health. Chromium and vanadium help keep blood sugars in check. Lecithin emulsifies fats out of the body. L-taurine helps MSG exit stage left so you can eat it and stay in health at the same time.

Ashwaganda is good for stress relief. Nutritional yeast for b vitamins coat nerve cells and aid digestion. Magnesium Is a heart mineral that is calming. Vitamin D with K for hormone balancing . Self Talk and media choices are very important in any crisis.

Stress appears to be an issue and I don't know your age, but I would use apple cider vinegar 1 tsp in cup of water to improve digestion and immune health. Leave the water out, no lid, for one hour and chlorine will exit before you drink it. Chlorine interferes with iodine ports in body ( like thyroid gland has one) because they are both halides .

I have said too much …..maybe. Blessing, charity

Hello Shadel,

On any HBP issue, make sure you are getting three things; magnesium, potassium and natural (NOT synthetic) Vitamin E

500 mag

200 potassium

200 natural E ... start at low doses in E and slowly increase (over two months) to 300 then 400.

The HBP can be from thick blood; or tacky veins and arteries (all from a lack of E) or from lack of proper oxygen delivery (again lack of E). Or the HBP can be from a build up in veins and arteries of plaque. Think of a hose being squeezed at some point of blockage...it builds up pressure from the source to press the liquid through...well that is HBP and there is a reason for the pressure...the hose is blocked in some fashion. The heart itself could be a problem. Lots of possible "whys" to the pressure issue.

Natural E is my BASE for cardio help. Take those three with meals.

Also you note digestive issues with taking Apple Cider Vinegar. The opposite should be happening. ACV should be helping with that...so the post by Timh is helpful.

You also note the problem is worse when you lie down at night to sleep. Well, here's one take on that; you are not working the legs as you would during the day which could help circulate the blood BACK via the veins up to the heart. In other words the veins in legs are not working too well which lends credence that this is a circulation issue...Vitamin E to the rescue.

But given the possibility (without knowing more) I'd guess ... given the worsening at night... that varicose veins might be a matter to be addressed and a great addition would be "Horse Chestnut" which is famous for helping with that particular circulation problem too.

So I'd add that too to the three I listed. I've had great success with HC.

In the last six months, I have changed my Toothpaste that had Fluoride to non Fluoride Toothpaste and my Blood pressure has gotten to a normal state. Our Government is feeding us C**P, it is a money maker for Dentist & Oncologist. Fluoride has never been approved by the FDA to put in water & Toothpaste The Government won't go near this subject they know it will open a can of worm's. If you read your tooth paste it will say if a six year old swallows a pea sized amount call Poison control. If its poison for a lab Rat it is Poison for Humans of all ages. It stops the production of "62 vital Thyroid enzymes that will open the door to Cancer and other illnesses" it was used in the Sarin gas that was used to kill people it has been classified a neurotoxin by toxicologist with Fluoridealert.org. The German scientist came up with it in 1930 and the United States started using it in 1945 under the false image as good for teeth it passes the to the endocrine system there it does it's damage to Bones look it up: www.fluoridealert.org.

My dad (a scientist/atheist) had extremely high blood pressure that was not being controlled with prescription meds (even though he was taking 3 different kinds of blood pressure meds! )

I read on webMD that meditation with a mantra helps reduce blood pressure. I asked my dad to do an experiment. First, to take his blood pressure. He did. It was 179/76. Then I asked him to chant "Nam-myoho-renge-kyo" with me for 15 minutes (it is a Buddhist chant that means "dedication to the mystical/inexplicable Law of Cause and Effect through sound/vibration"). He only chanted for 7 minutes and then wanted to take his blood pressure again, immediately. He did, and his blood pressure was 105/67.

We tried this experiment every day for a week. Every time, it worked to lower his blood pressure.

Chanting definitely reduces blood pressure. I have also used chanting to relieve anxiety, reduce depression and to access the subconscious mind. Try it and see!!! It's free and it works.

Blood Pressure is a bit high? EAT BANANAS!

I just have to share this because it has worked for me and I am utterly amazed. I started having trouble with my blood pressure a couple months ago and I needed to bring it down. I started taking a super dose of D3, 5-htp to combat the associated anxiety, and Aspirin daily to help thin the blood.

It *helped* but I was still feeling bad often.

I started doing some research and found that potassium had been shown to significantly decrease the blood pressure issues so I decided to grab a bunch of bananas and give it a try. I've been eating one banana a day for over a week and my blood pressure has been so much better! I had been feeling like the veins in my arms were on FIRE some of the times, my emotions were hard to control etc. After eating a banana a day for only a couple days, those feelings diminished until I can barely tell I have a problem anymore. It has REALLY helped how I feel.

So definitely eat some bananas and give it a try if you have problems with your blood pressure! If you hate bananas, any source of potassium will do. Raisins, some canned tomato products... Etc. Just Google "Good Sourse of Potassium" for more info on what to eat. Good luck!

To all who have high blood pressure and have questions regarding magnesium - I improved my high blood pressure dramatically by taking different type of magnesium, but found that mixed form of different types (citrate, chloride and else) works the best. I take 2 pills (400mg) in a morning and 1-2 in the evening. Also - vitamin B6, fist 3 weeks 200mg per day, after that - 100mg per day. Plus - parsley and garlic oil in capsules - 1 cap in the morning (diuretic). If your liver does not work properly - it can lead to high blood pressure.

Also found some info online regarding natural remedies for high blood presure - "Start your day with a cup of cayenne tea - 1 teaspoon in a cup of hot water (I personally think it's too strong, maybe 1/2 tsp?). Plus garlic pill and hawthorn berry 565 mg. Do it 3 times per day. Also 2 tablespoons of organic vinegar in water sometime during the day. Add 1/2 teaspoon of cinnamon to plain yogurt and eat, it will reduce blood pressure instantly."

Oxana, Ontario, Canada

This is to Shiela from Ball ground Georgia. Tell your husband u definitely changed my family's and my life! I watched food matters and made changes to our diet.. my mother is cured of diabetes. Kavita

You can find Hibiscus leaves on Amazon. I get all kinds of herbs there as well.

Would like to try this, but how is it possible to have enough Aloe plants to use a leaf a day? I have one small plant. Would taking the aloe that is bottled be beneficial, if purchased at a health food store? I've tried the apple cider vinegar and cayenne pepper and neither of these lower my blood pressure. Anyone had success with the bottled aloe vera?

Bragg is an organic unfiltered ACV (with mother in it), meaning it's not filtered....looks murky not clear, so all the good stuff is still in it.

You can find Aloe leafs in the produce section of some grocery stores. I know Save A Lot carries them.

High BP is a symptom that something is wrong in your body. Try Vitamin D3 supplements. Take 5,000 IU per day. Low Vitamin D affects almost every aspect of body functioning and can cause blood pressure to go up. Many doctors feel that a blood level of 30 ng/ml is sufficient, but newer research indicates that it should be above 50 ng/ml for optimal health. Make sure it's D3 (cholecalciferol), not D2.

I struggled for years with high blood pressure and medications were not very effective and I hated the side-effects. I found the solution in drinking plenty of water throughout the day (at least 1/2 my weight in ounces) and I take approx. 1000 mg of magnesium per day, 700 of it at bedtime and I also take hawthorn supplement, just one a day, and a low dose of melatonin at night--usually about 2.5 mg. I will vary the melatonin and not take it every single night but will skip a night now and then. Wonderfully successful results and I feel so much better!

To Eve from Liverpool:

That's what we've been told, but unfortunately the information is very misleading and appears to be intentional. I found this article (I've listed below) very interesting, especially where it states that just four years ago high blood pressure was classified as 160/95.

"Here Are the Best Natural Cures for High Blood Pressure:

High blood pressure is classified as a systolic pressure of more than 140 and the diastolic pressure of more than 90. It's interesting to note that about 4 years ago, high blood pressure was classified as 160/95. The lowering of the standard has little to with health risks, and a lot more to do with how much money goes into the FDA, and the entire pharmaceutical industry. This is part of the reason that many of the natural cures for high blood pressure are not publicized. However, without much further ado, here are the best natural cures for high blood pressure:

Apple Cider Vinegar - This is a miracle cure for high blood pressure patients. Apple Cider Vinegar acts very fast, and you will start seeing a difference in your blood pressure within a week with it. You do not need any other medication for high blood pressure with apple cider vinegar.

Dosage - Take one full tablespoon 3 times a day for the best results.

Preparation - Nothing special. If it's too strong for you, you can mix it with a glass of water.

Recommendation - Buy an unpasteurized apple cider vinegar brand. A good one I know of is the _____s organic Apple Cider Vinegar.

Downsides - None as such. You might want to add in a bit of Sodium Bi-Carbonate to help provide the extra carbonates that your body will need due to the acidic nature of Apple Cider Vinegar.

This is easily one of the best natural cures for high blood pressure."

We know from reading EC that raw ACV has worked well for many. Thanks to the drug companies and their scare tactics we've been lead to believe we are all suppose to run somewhere around 120/80. More drugs, more money in their pockets. As if they need it, they are already a billion dollar industry.

To Pat from MO: That's a tough one since we are all different. Conventional wisdom will tell you 120/80 is where we all should be which is ridiculous. Why in the world should we all be expected to have the same blood pressure reading? What we need to know is what is normal for us, not scared into thinking we are going to have a stroke if it's not close to those numbers. Blood pressure goes up and it goes down. I wish I had the answers.

It should be emphasized that you want FOOD GRADE DIATOMACEOUS EARTH and not the stuff you use in a swimming pool filter.

Samlaunch has stated:

"Hot Cocoa...will fix high blood pressure. I checked my resting pulse rate at 82-beats per minute resting last night. After drinking the hot chocolate, my pulse dropped to 62-beats per minute resting heart rate."

Since heart beats are *NOT* equivalent to blood pressure ... the number of heart beats does *NOT* indicate one's blood pressure.

In fact, Caffeine is actually known to *restrict* blood vessels (& thus the blood flow through blood vessels) & thus to *raise* blood pressure....

"Caffeine may cause a short...dramatic *increase* in...[BP], even if you don't have [HBP]. It's unclear what causes this spike.... The [BP] response to caffeine differs from person to person....

"Some...who regularly drink caffeinated beverages have a higher average [BP] than...those who drink none. Others who regularly drink caffeinated beverages develop a tolerance.... As a result, caffeine doesn't have a long-term effect on their [BP]...."

WARNING!

about a month ago i started an amino acid for low mood and anxiety , suntheanine. it made me feel so calm, just wonderful. i can find no side effects noted on any website, however i believe it made my blood pressure go up.hindsight, i think it's wise to monitor your bp before and after starting any new supplement.because everyone is different. i was taking 100mg of suntheanine in the am and 200mg with 500mg gaba at night to rest better. i started waking up with a dull headache and a sickish feeling which prompted me to check my bp. usually 110/60 it was 136/86.i thought it was going to be too low! i stopped the suntheanine and gaba but my pressure still stayed up. today i took 2 doses of acv (2 tbsp with the sediment in it in water) and i started feeling like my old self my bp was 123/69 so i know i'm on the right track. it was reported on the mayo site that often prescription antidepressants cause the bp to go up and the cause is unknown. i figure maybe its the same with natural supplements too, just depends on the person.since i quit the suntheanine and gaba i don't wake up with a hangover feeling. my bp went up a couple of years ago when i took rhodiola and i stopped it

Hi Chandu, Yes. I used serpina tablets, along with Ted's lemon & bi-carb soda alkalizing drink with added magnesium and potassium, whilst weaning myself off blood pressure medication. Now my blood pressure is mostly in the upper normal range. I monitor it occasionally and if goes up a bit I take the tablets till it comes back down. All the best.

Hi Mary...Many thanks for your questions. I'll try and answer them as best I can:

Firstly, when you were treating your systemic yeast infection you used molasses. How could that have worked considering you would be feeding them? Did it not make you retain water and gain weight?

This is a good question. Oddly enough, when I cured myself of candida and everything else, I lost alot of weight(over 25 lbs). When you alkalize, you effectively put your body into high working efficiency. Your immune system improves and your energy also improves because alkalizing and bicarbonates are specifically used in human respiration and in digestion, making these body processes much more efficient.

I also used VCO in my candida remedy on a daily basis because the saturated fats in VCO(as medium chain triglycerides) are not stored as fat in the body, but instead the unneeded saturated fat is simply excreted directly from the liver into the intestines. Normal vegetable oils or polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats(long chain triglycerides) are always stored in the body as fats. This is why I have a high regard for VCO, for me it is the safest and best edible oil in the world.

I used molasses in order to supply my body with more minerals -- specifically magnesium and potassium during my remedy. In those early days, I was an EC newbie and didn't understand that much. If I had candida now, I probably wouldn't use molasses, but would use sea salt and fulvic acid for minerals instead and would also use borax to help kill off the candida as well. I would also use hydrogen peroxide and magnesium chloride or citrate as well which I never used before(I use them now).

Secondly, you used an alkalizing formula 3X per day did you not retain water from all the sodium in the baking soda? Also would you not experience some sort of electrolyte imbalance with all that (non sea salt) type of sodium?

When most people think sodium, they think it is the big, bad enemy -- salt. But sodium is not salt. I also agree with Ted, our bodies need sodium, over 80% of our body electrolytes consist of sodium. Therefore we need sodium everyday. The scare over salt is, in my own opinion, well overplayed. As long as you use natural sea salt, you should have few sodium or salt issues.

You wont retain water using sodium bicarbonate as you would with table salt because they are completely different substances with different effects on the body. Sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3 whereas salt is NaCl. Both have completely different behaviours in the body. Ordinary table salt has a pH = 5 whereas sea salt has a pH = 7.5 - 8.5 and is more alkaline which is why natural sea salt is so much better for you. Table salt is refined and so only contains NaCl, whereas a good natural sea salt will contain many minerals as well and has many more useful body electrolytes that are both necessary for the body as well as being alkaline and more balancing.

Why do you think so many jpoeple report weight loss here on earth clinic, with the use of ACV and water? they do not include baking soda? And one post said it (ACV and BS) made her retain water?
what are your thoughts?

Acid body conditions can lead to accumulation of fats. So can pollution of the body from heavy metals. In fact, I have read that the production and storage of fats in the body is a kind of body defence against the accumulation of heavy metals, a way for the body to hide the heavy metals safely in order to protect against their bad effects on the organs and blood.

I would also rarely use ACV without using baking soda with it. If you take ACV on its own, the acetic and malic acids in the ACV will be converted to acetate and malate salts by your digestion and then will be absorbed. So this actually depletes your body stores of sodium bicarbonates. By adding sodium bicarbonate to the ACV plus water you convert the acids to their salts BEFORE you ingest them so you save your body bicarbonates, by not having to digest and convert these acids to their salts. So you alkalize you body even more this way by saving your own bicarbonates.

The lady who gained weight using ACV might have had a problem with her kidneys or liver, we just don't know. Kidneys regulate minerals and water in the blood, she might have had a water retention problem. Fat and glucose metabolism is mainly handled by the liver, so there might have been a problem there too. Also we have no idea what her diet was and she was really one of the few cases on EC where ACV didn't help her condition.

I read about a machine that you can pay a lot if money for, which helps lower your blood pressure by a breathing technique. I learned this Yoga breathing technique which does the same thing. Breath in, (through nose) half way..12345, hold...12345, breath in rest of way...12345, hold..1-5, Breath out half way through lips, 1-5, hold...1-5, finish emptying lungs as slowly as possible through pursed lips. Do 8 rounds of this. 8 is the Chinese lucky number. It is also the symbol for infinity when turned sideways. The object is to take longer on the exhale than on the inhale. I find that I can lower my BP quite a bit with this method. ...Bill