Sodium Thiosulfate for Heavy Metal Detox, Calcifications, Candida

| Modified on Nov 14, 2023
Where to Buy
Posted by Stu (Dekalb, IL) on 03/13/2023

Hello all!

I recently discovered this website and I've gotta say that I absolutely love it! I've learned so much from peoples posts, especially about sodium thiosulfate and it's powerful healing properties. I'm new to this substance and would like to order some online to try but am having trouble locating a good source…So my question to you guys is do I need a particular grade of sodium thiosulfate? And where are some good places to buy some? online or otherwise it doesn't matter to me…

Please let me know. Thanks!

Stu

EC: There should be some good sites mentioned in the posts in the ST section. 

Ammonia Metabolism
Posted by Trico (Bronx, NY) on 02/03/2023

"so it's clearly an OTC supplement." Not true. The Amazon seller says "Buyer must be 21 years of age. Buyer assumes all liability for the use of this item. Buyer agrees to not hold the seller or Amazon liable for the use of this item. Buyer agrees to use this item in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws. This is for laboratory and scientific use only! NOT for food or drug use."


CFS, Heavy Metals, Candida
Posted by Ronaldo43 (Calgary Canada) on 10/13/2022

Sodium Theo Sulphate for cfs, heavy metals, candida

I have started with the sts pentahydrate crystals with one in a glass of water but so far on day 3 I feel no effects so some questions: is the effect cumulative and if so then at this dose how many days before I feel anything? If it is not cumulative then what do I do?

I am taking the sts first thing in the morning but do not use 1000mg until supper which I take with 600 mg of time release calciium carbonate. Is this use of vitamin C later in the day still of use in the instruction to use vitamin C with the sts? If not and has to be close together should the tablet (some time release and some not) be swollowed while drinking the mixture or if not how long before or after? I take the 600 mg of Calcium with vitaminn D3 (which also reco's the Vitamin C at same time) as my research indicates that if u do not get enough calcium per day (actual suggested 1200mg but hope I get rest from brockley etc) then the body takes calcium from your bones. this is just recent as I had thought that Ca supps were bad end of story. If I have to take Vit C in morning at or near time of sts can I take the Ca at that time too?

I am using Zero filtered water from a zero water pitcher and it has to be 006 or less ppm to use and I have a tds meter and above change the filter. Is this kind of water okay to use or do I have to buy distilled? tds is total dissolved solids. thanks for ur help - this is my first post here


Sodium Thiosulfate + Ascorbic Acid Protocol
Posted by Bill (Philippines) on 08/19/2022
★★★★★

I'm just going to talk about my own recent experience of using the Sodium Thiosulfate + Ascorbic Acid protocol that Tony Pantalleresco advises. This protocol can be used against many serious problems -- including Lupus, Morgellon's, Lyme disease, Candida, SIBO, IBS, Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis etc. To keep the explanations simple and brief, this protocol should be used for all diseases or problems whose core origins are suspected to be in the intestines.

The reason I decided to use this protocol is because I was having excessive intestinal gas or bloating every day. It was quite unpleasant and there were times when my intestinal bloating from the gas interfered with my breathing, sometimes making me short of breath. So I decided to concentrate all efforts on killing off all the bad bacteria or whatever that was causing the unpleasant intestinal bloatedness.

Initially, I tried several other methods before using and adapting Tony's protocol. I tried using various other laxatives to clear out my intestine, including Milk of Magnesia and Pepto-Bismol. I even tried an anti-parasitic -- Ivermectin (human form) -- all to no avail.

I ended up using a modified form of Tony Pantalleresco's Ascorbic acid + Sodium Thiosulfate protocol. Tony's protocol involves taking the protocol just before going to bed. This meant that you would have to quickly get up in the middle of the night and perhaps sprint to the toilet for a rather explosive diarrhetic poop! Well that could get very messy! Nope, I don't like anything interfering with my sleep. So I modified the daytime use protocol, which is described below.

  • I get up at 6:00 am in the morning. First thing, I immediately take this protocol: Add exactly 3 ounces of mineral water(at room temperature) into a glass. Add one rounded teaspoon of sodium thiosulfate crystals and then add one rounded teaspoon of Ascorbic acid(not Sodium Ascorbate) and stir gently until dissolved.
  • Drink the mixture down in one. It will taste and smell awful(because of ascorbic acid sourness and because of the hydrogen sulfide gas that is generated by ST).
  • Have a coffee or a cup of tea. Sit near a toilet and read the papers.
  • In 2 or 3 hours you will probably have an explosive, diarrhetic poop!
  • Later that day take probiotics with meals and be sure to re-mineralize every day using sea salt and/or liquid mineral supplements.
  • Tony says that You can take his protocol every day for a month only. I only took the protocol everyday for two weeks and I have decided on having at least two weeks off the protocol to help re-establish the intestinal microbiota.


It's also quite well-known that sodium thiosulfate(ST) is quite safe to use at dosages of between 1 to 3 teaspoons a day. The Material Safety Datasheet(MSDS) for ST is 2,000 mgs/kg for a Rat(Oral) which means that sodium thiosulfate has the same or similar toxicity profile as common table salt. ST is also commonly used by modern doctors in large IV dosages as an anti-dote for arsenic and cyanide poisoning.

Since I determined that all my unpleasant intestinal gas problems were caused by bad gut bacteria and since ST is a known anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic and anti-biofilm -- that's really why I decided to take it in large doses to help clear out all the bad bacteria causing my awful bloatedness. The other advantage of using ST was that it is so poorly absorbed into the blood from the intestines. When ingested, only between 5% to 8% ST is absorbed into the blood. So if we assume 8% then fora 4 gm dose (1 teaspoon) then only 4000 x 8/100 = 320 mgs is actually absorbed into the blood, which is a small and fairly safe amount.

My current status is that I came off this protocol after taking it for about two weeks and all the intestinal bloating and gas is now gone and I feel so much better. I can breath easier again because nothing is pressing up against my diaphragm anymore. Not sure if it's a cure yet but I'll keep you posted. I will probably have another two week spell using my version of the protocol to make absolutely sure that the bacteria causing the intestinal bloat is gone for good. I've also noticed that this ST protocol will also help you lose weight(I have certainly lost a few pounds over that two week period).

My own appraisal as to why this ST + AA protocol worked so well was probably due to it's anti-biotic, anti-fungal and anti-bofilm capability. As well, ST also detoxes heavy metals and also dissolves calcium, which aids in removing biofilm and also acts to help remove faeces that has been impacted and hardened on the inner intestinal walls over the years. So the ST protocol should actually have the same or similar effect over time as a colon cleanse in helping to remove all the old and impacted faeces and microbials hiding therein.

I'll post more results from this protocol when I can.

Ammonia Metabolism
Posted by RSW (OH) on 11/04/2021

This comment from our wonderful, caring and very thoughtful Timh from Kentucky was from 2016, five years ago, before he stopped posting after many years. Much has been learned and discovered in five years. One of the wonderful things that I love about Earth Clinic is that most of us don't come with medical or pharmaceutical degrees, but give our experiences about what has or has not worked for us, in a sincere effort to help others. Timh always tried to help others, and without complaining, had tried many different things to help his poor health and researched many things for others, also. Opinions, experiences, documented research, along with news about plants, food, supplements herbs, and personal experiences is what is posted, but it is up to each of us to research and decide what we feel may be of benefit to our unique situation, and perhaps post the outcome to then help others. Your post may inform someone else to research further before trying Sodium Thiosulfate, although it has also been helpful to others.


Ammonia Metabolism
Posted by Art (California) on 11/04/2021 2148 posts

Kelly,

When TimH said that in 2016, over 5 years ago, he was correct, you had to go through chemical suppliers to get it or possibly Ebay.

Art


Ammonia Metabolism
Posted by Kelly (Seattle) on 11/04/2021

TimH said: "Sodium Thiosulfate is not an otc dietary supplement, it is a non-hazardous industry or chemical grade mineral..." Sorry, but this is INCORRECT. As noted above, you can buy Sodium Thiosulfate on Amazon and elsewhere, so it's clearly an OTC supplement. It's also not 'non-hazardous' as it can remove minerals we need and depend on. Not sure why your comment was approved.


Sodium Thiosulphate for Bath Water
Posted by Keto (UK) on 05/08/2021

Sodium Thiosulphate - At bath time.

I hear that Sodium Thiosulfate treats a variety of skin conditions, plus it de-chlorinates water.

My question is: What would be a good volume of Sodium Thiosulfate crystals to add to a standard (UK) bath of approx. 100 litres?

Thanks to anyone that offers advice :)

Keto


Anhydrous vs. Pentahydrate Sodium Thiosulfate
Posted by Patrick (USA) on 05/02/2021
★★★★★

Hello,

I found an USP grade Sodium Thiosulfate from the below company in the anhydrous form and it is triple the price as the other form. It appears that the Pentahydrate form is lab grade / reagent grade and thus not as pure nor recommended as safe for ingestion. I welcome anyone's feedback on this.

www.sciencecompany.com/Sodium-Thiosulfate-Anhydrous-USP-Grade-500g-P17116.aspx

I have a heel spur that I want to soak it in a foot bath. Then I'd like to take it internally for general detox.

Thank you,

Patrick


Sodium Thiosulfate Dosage
Posted by Mich (NYC) on 05/02/2021

How long did you take the baths with the sodium thiosulfate?


Where to Buy: South Africa
Posted by Brighton (Johannesburg ) on 05/02/2021

Can you recommend a supplier or good brand that I can take?


Heavy Metal Detox, Allergic Skin Reactions
Posted by Marigold Morning (Sweet Home, OR) on 05/01/2021
★★★★★

I love this stuff!! I've used it on and off for 10 years.

After reading Ted's posts on it, for the various uses, it's a must in my medicine cupboard. I use it every time I go to the dentist and have any tooth work done (I've had all my old amalgams removed, but still deal with brain fog, concentration and sometimes fatigue)

I use it once a week as a long term metal detox (3 drops with 1000mg vit C in water) And also for toxin exposure from paint (my lungs, kidneys and liver sometimes don't feel good after breathing fumes of even the eco friendly latex paint)

I have used it for allergic skin reactions from applied skin products and accidentally getting bleach on my skin. (Apply the liquid diluted with a little water, and rinse off till it's no longer slippery and then wash again with soap and water.)

We love you Ted!!!!


Arthritis
Posted by Tisha (Canada) on 10/09/2018 5 posts

Hi, I thought DMSO becomes de activated after 20 seconds within a mixture...wouldn't that mean you should apply dmso after and or on top of the mag/boron mixture??


Arthritis
Posted by Tisha R. (Canada) on 09/24/2018 5 posts

Hi, my horse has a small calcification on her hind joint P2..will this work if I mix it with mag and then use the dmso as well..how often and how long before it goes? I could only buy the fish one but has a couple other compounds in it...hope that is ok.


Stroke Recovery
Posted by Timh (Ky) on 02/21/2017 2063 posts

V: The root problem is likely chronic infection which is often an oral issue. Use otc Antiseptic Mouth Wash or Swish Colloidal Silver in the mouth, H2O2 can be used also.

For clearing the arteries, there is a recipe here on E.C. of herbs that clean and allow the plaques to absolve. Take in capsules or as a tea ---Garlic, Cayenne, Ginger, Hawthorn, Lemon, ACV. The herb Chanca Piedra is effective in removing excess Calcium from the body.


Stroke Recovery
Posted by Viraj (Nagpur, Maharashtra, India) on 02/20/2017 1 posts

Mr Ted, Mr. Bill & Mr. Baldevji or anyone helping,

I am 49 yr, I was faced a stroke with seizure first time in july 17. Also very low blood sodium level at that time admitted in hospital. During Hospitalization I was detected calcified plaques in neck blood arteries & many tiny plaques in aorta.checkup .During Hospitalization I was detected calcified plaques in neck blood arteries & many tiny calcified plaques in aorta. Now I am under control treatment of doctor. Daily taking tablets. My doctor told me we can suggest u only regular medicine. During Hospitalization I was detected calcified plaques in neck blood arteries & many tiny plaques in aorta. Now I think no doctor won't suggest root cause medicine. Now kindly guide me to get rid from this problem.

Also what was the reason for such serious problem I faced & how how can I prevent further lesson. Please Help me.

Sodium Thiosulfate Side Effects
Posted by Bridget (London) on 01/26/2017

Distilled water must be used. Best investment ever. I have been using my distiller for years now. After distillation, distiller stinks of chlorine. Once a week, sometimes twice, the distiller has a thick white powder, probably fluoride. Have Hashimotos so can't take any risks. Brought TSH level from 31 to normal by avoiding all grains and gluten.


Large Calcification, Increase Sulfur Intake
Posted by Dot (Stowe, Vt) on 10/26/2016

What was the concentration of crystals to water? My daughter has had 3 surgeries snd 2 infections (hospitalized for 4-6 days), as a result of calcium deposits. Any hope or onformatipn is greatly appreciated! Thank you!!!


Ammonia Metabolism
Posted by Timh (Ky) on 09/09/2016 2063 posts
★★★★★

Sodium Thiosulfate is not an otc dietary supplement, it is a non-hazardous industry or chemical grade mineral much like Epsom Salts (Magnesium Sulfate) and Borax (a salt form of Boron aka Sodium Tetra Borate).

The safe dietary supplement, amino acids Aspartic Acid and Ornithine are also recommended to detox ammonia from the body. You don't need to call your dr if you want to add these supplements to your diet, and if you ask dr about detoxing ammonia from your body, you will likely get an unusual reply and please post it here for educational purposes.

For more (and the latest) information about the safety & regulation of dietary supplements from someone who both knows & cares go to:

https://jonbarron.org/dietary-supplements/once-again-they%E2%80%99re-coming-after-your-supplements


Ammonia Metabolism
Posted by Someone Who Cares (Anywhere, Ks) on 09/08/2016

Sodium Thiosulsphate is not a "natural" substance. Furthermore, sodium thiosulfate chelates heavy metals as well as CALCIUM, especially if there is a low availability of heavy metals to bind with, and I would NOT recommend prolonged use without consulting a physician. Furthermore, on AMMONIA: I personally use this as an aquarium dechlorinator, and when it binds to chlorine and breaks chloramine (NH2Cl, the stuff used in water treatment) bonds in tap water, it will cause a spike in ammonia concentration because it DOES NOT bind ammonia. Don't take my word for it, buy an ammonia test kit from your local pet store, pour some Sodium thiosulphate in some tap water, and test it for yourself. The FDA very loosely regulates supplements, so be weary of what you put in your body, because they can make almost any claim on a supplement bottle without legal recourse, even if it is a detriment to your health.


Sodium Thiosulfate Side Effects
Posted by Marina (Victoria) on 08/21/2016

Thanks for the warning. On that basis it would be prudent to ensure we drink only filered water that has been tested to include the removal of that specific contaminant avoiding the risk of ammonia been produced Therefore allowing us to reap the health benefits of ST without the possible side effects.


Toxin Remover and Chelator
Posted by Linda (Mo) on 05/08/2016
★★★★★

It is vital that you take a minimum of 10 Billion probiotics and a full coverage of minerals each morning to replenish the body of what was stripped out by the thiosulfate. Tony Pantalleresco says that the Thiosulphate strips everything out of the body including the needed good fauna (good bacteria) and minerals. He also says with the 1 teaspoon of Sodium Thiosulfate you need to take 1 teaspoon of powered ascorbic acid to protect the liver from the metals etc that are being evacuated from the body.


Where to Buy
Posted by Gigi (Denver) on 03/28/2016

Thank you so much! I've been trying to find this for 3 weeks and was about to give up.


Arthritis
Posted by Bill (San Fernando, Philippines) on 11/29/2015
★★★★★

Hi Baldev...Good to hear from you again, I hope that you are well.

10% Sodium Thiosulfate can be applied directly to the hands to help remove the excess bone calcium because it is absorbed directly by the skin into the blood. You can apply this easily once or twice a day. It will take a while but it works well to get rid of the excess calcium. Use and apply the 10 % sodium thiosulfate directly on its own to the hands and affected areas. And you could, as you say, also add the sodium thiosulfate to the DMSO + Mag mix as well. Add about 3% sodium thiosulfate to your mix should be sufiicient or just add 6 to 10 drops of sodium thiosulfate to the DMSO + Mag mix(per tablespoon) for the hands when you apply it.

Although the DMSO + Mag Oil are highly useful, you could also add borax to this mix (with no sodium thiosulfate).

As it stands, your current treatment will certainly help arthritic problems in general but you can make this applied dermal treatment even stronger by adding some borax to it. As Ted from Bangkok has mentioned so often, calcium build up and arthritic problems are directly related to infections from mycoplasma and mycobacterium. The mycoplasma eats and destroys cartilage and the mycobacteria live in self-built calcium shells. So right there you have the root cause of both bone calcium build-up and wasting cartilage.

Both mycobacteria and mycoplasma are bacteria that have distinct fungal behaviour. And borax is the ultimate fungal killer. Putting these two cogent facts to good use means that if you also add borax to your DMSO + Mag Oil mix then this means that you will eliminate the actual root cause of these arthritic and bone build-up problems. I would also recommend that anyone with mycoplasma, mycobacteria, fungal or mold problems should also be supplementing Ted's Borax Water remedy every day. The borax remedy for women is 1/8 tspn(1/4 tspn for men) borax + 1 liter of water. You can also add a capful of 3% hydrogen peroxide to this borax water to make it even more powerful( hydrogen peroxide also kills mycoplasma and mycobacteria). Drink the 1 liter of borax water slowly throughout the day and take two days off this remedy at the weekends.

The dermal mix that I would use for application to the hands would be:

50% DMSO(70% solution)

45% Magesium Chloride(50% solution)

5% Borax

Drink 1 liter(or as much as you can) of borax water per day and take two days off this remedy at the weekends.

The best way to use the Mag oil + DMSO + Borax and the DMSO + Mag Oil + sodium thiosulfate remedies would be to use them on alternate days for best and quickest effect. The Mag oil + DMSO + Borax addresses and remedies the core reason for the problem and the DMSO + Mag Oil + Sodium Thiosulfate will help to reduce the calcium build up quickly.

Other remedies that also work well are the following, which are also applied to the skin on a daily basis -- these are also from Ted -- are DMSO + Aloe vera oil + lugols iodine. Castor oil works well too when you rub it on the hands. Turpentine(or pine essential oil), lavender oil and orange oil are also effective as dermal rubs for arthritic problems. Use 3 - 4 drops of these oils in a tablespoon of coconut oil and apply like that. These oils will be absorbed and will act to kill the infection from the inside thereby also helping to get rid of the root problem.

It might also be advisable for people with these arthritic problems to supplement Chanca piedra(called bhoomy amalaki or amla in Ayurvedic medicine) in tea or capsule form on a daily basis. CP is very efficient and safe for removing excess calcium from the blood.

Some more detailed information for you here.

Also please bear in mind that you should not mix sodium thiosulfate or borax or iodine together because they will react and become useless.


Arthritis
Posted by Baldev (Maharashtra, India) on 11/28/2015 185 posts

Hi Bill,

Hope every thing is normal with you now after that bad experience of rain you had.

I read the article under the following link which talks about the Sodium thiosulphate Link:

There is a lady of 93 yrs of age mother of my friend living in other city, suffering from, seems arthritis due to which she used to have severe pain and could not bend the hand fingers. I helped by giving the mix of Mag.Oil and DMSO. It has helped her a lot and she is very happy. But now she has informed me that there is no pain but she is not able to hold the spoon to eat her meals (though at the beginning she said she can hold the spoon). What I feel is that she wants some more relief.

I feel that there is quite a bit of calcification in the joints of the fingers and that is why it is difficult for her to hold the spoon with the fingers.

In the above article, the author states that Sodium thiosulphate can eliminate the calcification, therefore my request to you is to give me your opinion as to how can I use Sodium thiosulphate to help her. Shall I mix this with the liquid I am already sending her if yes how much should I mix. My solution is 50% Mag.Oil( it is good concentration) + 50%, 80% DMSO , this has been working very well with many people. Other options are I can make separate solution of Sodium thiosulphate and DMSO which she can apply at different times and in that how much Sodium Thiosulphate. Why I am asking this is because I had read some where that you take two drops of 10% of sodium thiosulphate.

Kindly give your advice. Thanks, Baldev

Toxin Remover and Chelator
Posted by Missy (Louisiana) on 08/22/2015
★★★★★

One thing that's a must with Sodium Thiosulfate is that you have to replenish your body daily with minerals and probiotics because STS leaves no prisoners. You can take it up to 4 weeks at a time. Check out Tony Pantalleresco's youtube on sodium thiosulfate and turpentine, (and all of his other topics are so very informative). I tried the turpentine. Awesome! I was able the get off my blood pressure meds!


Large Calcification, Increase Sulfur Intake
Posted by Evan Jones (Indonesia) on 07/16/2015
★★★★★

I keep a 100ml bottle of water mixed with Sodium ThioSulfate crystals & wet my body with it after showering. I air dry, allowing the STS to be absorbed transdermally.

Purpose: to increase sulphur intake.

For proof of efficacy of topical STS, see:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.34628/pdf

See clinical photos of a "dramatic diminution of a large calcification treated with topical sodium thiosulfate.

Heavy Metal Removal
Posted by Michael (Florida, US) on 02/08/2015
★★★★★

One teaspoon of Sodium Thiosulfate and one teaspoon of Ascorbic Acid in glass of 4 oz. water every night:

I have used this formula every night for two weeks and have noticed a considerable improvement in health. It was clear from the odor that metals were being removed from my system.


Candida
Posted by Bill (San Fernando) on 12/28/2014
★★★★★

Hi Marcus...The 10% Sodium Thiosulfate you have bought should be fine to use internally because its lab grade. But, as Ted from Bangkok also recommends, ordinary sodium thiosulfate(ST) bought from an aquaculture shop should also be fine to use(and its much cheaper). The aquaculture ST is mainly used to remove chlorine from fishtank water to help protect the fish and keep them healthy.

In case you believe that 10 %ST bought from an aquaculture shop is not as good or as pure as lab grade, please remember that fish are far more sensitive to chlorine and heavy metal poisoning than humans. So this fact proves that the purity of aquaculture grade ST is quite sufficient for us humans. I've been using aquaculture grade ST for detoxing for about the last 9 years and it has worked well without any problems at all. Just trying to save you some money here because lab grade ST is usually more expensive than aquaculture grade ST.


Candida
Posted by Marcus (Los Angeles, CA) on 12/28/2014

Hi Bill,

I can find sodium thiosulfate on internet according from your book. Info. are as below;

Sodium thiosulfate 10% (w/v)

contain - sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate(10102-17-7)

specifications-

Assay. 9.95-10.05% (w/v)

traceable to Nist SRM 136

For lab use only.Not for drug, food or household use.

made in USA ( Brand --RICCO )

Is it safe for candida?

Thanks,

Marcus

Where to Buy: USA
Posted by Bill (San Fernando, Philippines) on 11/13/2014

Hi Jovana...You can buy 99.5% pure sodium thiosulfate from ebay.

Sodium Thiosulfate Crystals


Where to Buy: USA
Posted by Jovana (Tx) on 11/12/2014

Sodium Thiosulfate crystals 99.5% pure, where can I buy it? Thanks, Jovana

Sodium Thiosulfate Dosage
Posted by Bill (San Fernando, Philippines) on 11/10/2014
★★★★★

You can supplement one crystal of sodium thiosulfate -- about the size of a grain of rice -- mixed in a glass of water and drink that. This is what Ted from Bangkok recommends.

You can also measure out and make a 10% water solution of sodium thiosulfate and just take 6 to 10 drops of that solution in a glass of water on a daily basis.

I use the 10% sodium thiosulfate solution which I bought from an aquatics or aquaculture shop. This has served me well for many years. I've always found sodium thiosulfate easy to take with no problems. But Ted warns that, the first time you take the sodium thiosulfate, you may well get diarrhea and after that no more diarrhea. Sodium thiosulfate not only removes heavy metals but also removes cyanide, arsenic and chlorine so it is highly useful for the body. I've also found that taking ST also helps me to sleep as well, very relaxing. That's why I usually take it at night before bed.


Sodium Thiosulfate Dosage
Posted by Timh (KY) on 11/09/2014 2063 posts
★★★★★

I first tried just a few pellets orally for heavy metal detox w/ decent results but soon progressed to a few spoons in a very warm footbath, then progressed again to 1/4-1/2 cup in a hot whole body bath and finally getting the metals out of my bones w/ all parameters of health improving.


Sodium Thiosulfate Dosage
Posted by Angelo (Tampa, Florida) on 11/09/2014

I have Sodium Thiosulfate crystals 99.5% pure. I want to know how to convert it to safer ingestible percentages. What formulas can I use?

I have heard STS can be taken intravenously, could you use the same solution or would other steps be involved to purify it for injection?


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